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Actinolite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 5.0-6.0
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Actinolite and Tremolite are two very similar minerals that form a series with each other and essentially share the same chemical formula. Actinolite is a relatively common mineral in some metamorphic rocks. Actinolite has a greater presence of iron over magnesium, whereas Tremolite has a greater presence of magnesium over iron. The name Actinolite is derived from the Greek word aktis meaning "beam" or "ray", because of the mineral's fibrous nature. Its green color reflects a high iron content—the white variety without iron is called tremolite. Major sources for these forms of Actinolite are Taiwan,Canada, Madagascar, Tanzania, Russia, Norway, New Zealand, China and the United States.
Some forms of Actinolite are used in jewellery while the fibrous variety Actinolite and Tremolite is used for industrial asbestos. This material is toxic and inhaling the of fibres can lead to, lung cancer and both pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma.
Actinolite in jewellery:
Some forms of actinolite are used as gemstones in gold and silver jewellery:. One is nephrite, one of the two types of jade (the other being jadeite, a variety of pyroxene). Actinolite occasionally forms good crystals, but most of the time it doesn’t.
Jade has been used for eons in China and Central America as an ornamental and religious stone of deep significance. The nephrite jade was used mostly in China, although both have been used in both regions. Nephrite is more abundant than jadeite and has few colour varieties, ranging only from creamy white to green. Another gem variety is the chatoyant form known as cat's-eye Actinolite. This stone is translucent to opaque, and green to yellowish green color. This variety has had the misnomer jade cat’s-eye. Transparent Actinolite is rare and is faceted for gem collectors. The price for natural loose Actinolite Cat's Eye start form about 10.00 US$ -20.00 US$ p/ carat.
Some forms of Actinolite are used in jewellery while the fibrous variety Actinolite and Tremolite is used for industrial asbestos. This material is toxic and inhaling the of fibres can lead to, lung cancer and both pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma.
Actinolite in jewellery:
Some forms of actinolite are used as gemstones in gold and silver jewellery:. One is nephrite, one of the two types of jade (the other being jadeite, a variety of pyroxene). Actinolite occasionally forms good crystals, but most of the time it doesn’t.
Jade has been used for eons in China and Central America as an ornamental and religious stone of deep significance. The nephrite jade was used mostly in China, although both have been used in both regions. Nephrite is more abundant than jadeite and has few colour varieties, ranging only from creamy white to green. Another gem variety is the chatoyant form known as cat's-eye Actinolite. This stone is translucent to opaque, and green to yellowish green color. This variety has had the misnomer jade cat’s-eye. Transparent Actinolite is rare and is faceted for gem collectors. The price for natural loose Actinolite Cat's Eye start form about 10.00 US$ -20.00 US$ p/ carat.
Agate
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.5-7.0
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Birthstone Months with Agate
• Traditional Birthstones and Ayurvedic Birthstones for May
• Mystical Birthstone for September
• Zodiac Birthstone for the sign of Gemini (May 21 ~ June 21)
Anniversary Gemstone & Gifts for Agate
• Anniversary gemstone for the 12th and 14th year of marriage.
Agate is a micro-crystalline variety of quartz, chiefly chalcedony, characterised by its fineness of grain and brightness of color. Although Agates may be found in various kinds of rock, they are classically associated with volcanic rocks but can be common in certain metamorphic rock (Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, subjected to heat and pressure (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars).
The stone was given its name by Theophrastus a Greek philosopher and naturalist, who discovered the stone along the shore line of the river Achates sometime between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Colourful Agates and other chalcedonies were obtained over 3,000 years ago from the Achates River, now called Dirillo, in Sicily.
Agate is found throughout the world : Brazil, Egypt, Germany, India, Italy, Madagascar, Mexico and the United States it is produced in several western states: Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana.
Common types are: blue lace agate, moss agate usually dark green , tree gate and petrified wood usually brown, white or red.There are many varieties of Agate.
Mexican agate, showing only a single eye, has received the name of cyclops Agate. Included matter of a green, golden, red, black or other color or combinations embedded in the chalcedony.
Turritella Agate is formed from silicified fosil Elimia tenera. siral shells composed of many whorls. Similarly, coral, petrified wood and any other organic remains or porous rocks can also become agatized.
Greek agate is a name given to pale white to tan colored gate found in Sicily back to 400 B.C. The Greeks used it for making gold or silver jewellery and beads. Today any agate of this color from Sicily, once an ancient Greek colony, is called Greek agate.
Brazilian agate occur in brownish tones inter layered with white and grey. Quartz forms within these nodules, creating a striking specimen when cut opposite the layered growth axis. It is often dyed in various colors for ornamental purposes.
Other forms of Agate: carnelian agate (usually exhibiting reddish hues), Botswana Agate, Ellensburg blue Agate, blue lace Agate, plume Agates, tube Agate (with visible flow channels), fortification Agate (which exhibit little or no layered structure), fire Agate (which seems to glow internally like an opal) and Mexican crazy-lace Agate (which exhibits an often brightly colored, complex banded pattern).
Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art and has been recovered at a number of ancient sites.
Very often for jewellery industry Agate is shaped into cabochon or beads.
Historical records, wearing Agate handicrafts, not only for decoration, and makes a clear-eyed, energetic, and efficiency. Agate contain: iron, zinc, nickel, chromium, cobalt, manganese and other trace elements, beneficial long-term use health .
Agate in jewellery:
There are different types gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings, pendants and necklaces. Agate values of commercial grade ranging from 0.50 US$ - 30 US$ p/ carat depending on size. Custom cutting or pieces from collectible locations would be substantially more expensive. Especially fine patterns are cited as bringing up to 200 US$ per piece.
Fire Agate wholesale value of the most desirable pieces at 2.0 US$ - 25 US$ p/carat.
The degree of polish can vary on this soft stone due to skill levels of individual cutters, giving well polished stones premium value. As with most gems, saturation of color, size, and clarity are the major determiners of value.
• Traditional Birthstones and Ayurvedic Birthstones for May
• Mystical Birthstone for September
• Zodiac Birthstone for the sign of Gemini (May 21 ~ June 21)
Anniversary Gemstone & Gifts for Agate
• Anniversary gemstone for the 12th and 14th year of marriage.
Agate is a micro-crystalline variety of quartz, chiefly chalcedony, characterised by its fineness of grain and brightness of color. Although Agates may be found in various kinds of rock, they are classically associated with volcanic rocks but can be common in certain metamorphic rock (Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type, subjected to heat and pressure (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars).
The stone was given its name by Theophrastus a Greek philosopher and naturalist, who discovered the stone along the shore line of the river Achates sometime between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Colourful Agates and other chalcedonies were obtained over 3,000 years ago from the Achates River, now called Dirillo, in Sicily.
Agate is found throughout the world : Brazil, Egypt, Germany, India, Italy, Madagascar, Mexico and the United States it is produced in several western states: Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana.
Common types are: blue lace agate, moss agate usually dark green , tree gate and petrified wood usually brown, white or red.There are many varieties of Agate.
Mexican agate, showing only a single eye, has received the name of cyclops Agate. Included matter of a green, golden, red, black or other color or combinations embedded in the chalcedony.
Turritella Agate is formed from silicified fosil Elimia tenera. siral shells composed of many whorls. Similarly, coral, petrified wood and any other organic remains or porous rocks can also become agatized.
Greek agate is a name given to pale white to tan colored gate found in Sicily back to 400 B.C. The Greeks used it for making gold or silver jewellery and beads. Today any agate of this color from Sicily, once an ancient Greek colony, is called Greek agate.
Brazilian agate occur in brownish tones inter layered with white and grey. Quartz forms within these nodules, creating a striking specimen when cut opposite the layered growth axis. It is often dyed in various colors for ornamental purposes.
Other forms of Agate: carnelian agate (usually exhibiting reddish hues), Botswana Agate, Ellensburg blue Agate, blue lace Agate, plume Agates, tube Agate (with visible flow channels), fortification Agate (which exhibit little or no layered structure), fire Agate (which seems to glow internally like an opal) and Mexican crazy-lace Agate (which exhibits an often brightly colored, complex banded pattern).
Agate is one of the most common materials used in the art and has been recovered at a number of ancient sites.
Very often for jewellery industry Agate is shaped into cabochon or beads.
Historical records, wearing Agate handicrafts, not only for decoration, and makes a clear-eyed, energetic, and efficiency. Agate contain: iron, zinc, nickel, chromium, cobalt, manganese and other trace elements, beneficial long-term use health .
Agate in jewellery:
There are different types gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings, pendants and necklaces. Agate values of commercial grade ranging from 0.50 US$ - 30 US$ p/ carat depending on size. Custom cutting or pieces from collectible locations would be substantially more expensive. Especially fine patterns are cited as bringing up to 200 US$ per piece.
Fire Agate wholesale value of the most desirable pieces at 2.0 US$ - 25 US$ p/carat.
The degree of polish can vary on this soft stone due to skill levels of individual cutters, giving well polished stones premium value. As with most gems, saturation of color, size, and clarity are the major determiners of value.
Alexandrite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 8.5
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Birthstone Months with Alexandrite
• Traditional Birthstone for June
Anniversary Gemstone & Gifts for Alexandrite
• Anniversary gemstone for the 45th and 55th year of marriage.
Two unusual varieties of chrysoberyl have their own names as gemstones: cat's eye or cymophane and Alexandrite.
Alexandrite named after Russian Tsar Alexander II .According to a widely popular but controversial story, Alexandrite was discovered by the Finnish mineralogist Nils Gustaf Nordenskjold, (1792 -1866) on April 17, 1834 and named Alexandrite in honour of the future Tsar of the Russian Empire. Little do people know, the better the gem is able to change colors, the more money it is worth. Has always been hard to find. India is the main source for current production but some stones from Tanzania and Madagascar are also finding their way to the market. Brazil produced some amazing stones in the 1980´s but this production seems to have dwindled and few new Brazilian stones have been available in recent years and some dealers claim that this deposit is finished. The USA is currently the largest jewellery market for Alexandrite but fine stones are easy to sell almost anywhere.
Each Alexandrite is individual and it is rare to find two that display exactly the same colors under a variety of lighting conditions unless they are cut from the same crystal
With a limited budget, a buyer can opt for a smaller cleaner stone or a larger more included stone or a small stone with a great color change a large stone with a weak change. The price may be the same, but it is still the strength of the colour change that should be the most important consideration.
The traditional view is that the best Alexandrite shifts from emerald green to ruby red, but this hardly ever occurs. Most Alexandrites seem to show a good green in daylight or a beautiful red under incandescent light but few stones look good under every kind of light. Good quality Alexandrite is teal, emerald, or blue-green under natural daylight or fluorescent lighting that ideally changes to purple-red or red under regular incandescent light. Often a slightly grey, blue/violet/purple is seen.
The AGL (American Gem Lab) endorses the percentage of color change system. Alexandrite with a 100% color change shows complete color change on every axis - all facets change color. If half of the facets change colour, the gem is classified as a 50% change and so on. Most highly priced Alexandrite has a color change percentage of around 85-95%. Stones with a 90% shift should be considered fine. For example, a stone that is teal green in daylight should become purplish red under the light bulb, with little green left when the lighting is changed. The largest Alexandrite, with a weight of 1876 ct, was found in Sri Lanka.
The largest cut Alexandrite, 66 ct, belongs to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C.
Alexandrite in jewellery:
There are different types gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings and pendants.
Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones.
It is rare to find Alexandrite weighing over 0.25 carat. Stones less than 0.50 carat can be worth several thousand dollars at retail prices. Stones over one carat may retail for ten times this amount, and stones over three carats may cost up to 100,000 US$. Fine large Alexandrite, above five or six carats is extremely rare.
When buying Alexandrite jewellery the buyer should always ask for a Certificate of Authenticity or a Gem Identification report from a reputed Gem Laboratory.
Knowing the difference between a fake or a synthetic and a genuine natural Alexandrite requires both experience and knowledge. Most gemstones described as synthetic Alexandrite are actually corundum laced with trace elements to produce the color change.
Some natural gemstones may also change colour and can easily confused with alexandrite: spinel from Sri Lanka ,sapphire from Songea or Andalusite.
Andalusite sometimes called "poor man´s Alexandrite" because it offers colour play at a low price, but in fact Andalusite prices are always high in Africa because the natives either believe or pretend to believe that their rough is Alexandrite, which is worth almost 100 times more than rough Andalusite.
Alexandrite commands a high price equivalent to or even exceeding the price of gemstones like, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, and diamonds.
Beware of those selling 100% color change Alexandrite this is very uncommon. 75% is closer to the norm.
Flawless, large, perfect clarity, 100% color change Alexandrite, pretty much don't exist. If you see one for sale it is most likely a fake.
Fine Alexandrite, especially in qualities of over one carat, is extremely rare and become one of the most expensive gemstones in the world. It is rarer than fine Ruby, Sapphire or Emerald. The price of Alexandrite has risen in recent years due to high international demand, but as a gemstone investment, Alexandrite is a good choice because of its rarity, durability and distinctive historical significance.
• Traditional Birthstone for June
Anniversary Gemstone & Gifts for Alexandrite
• Anniversary gemstone for the 45th and 55th year of marriage.
Two unusual varieties of chrysoberyl have their own names as gemstones: cat's eye or cymophane and Alexandrite.
Alexandrite named after Russian Tsar Alexander II .According to a widely popular but controversial story, Alexandrite was discovered by the Finnish mineralogist Nils Gustaf Nordenskjold, (1792 -1866) on April 17, 1834 and named Alexandrite in honour of the future Tsar of the Russian Empire. Little do people know, the better the gem is able to change colors, the more money it is worth. Has always been hard to find. India is the main source for current production but some stones from Tanzania and Madagascar are also finding their way to the market. Brazil produced some amazing stones in the 1980´s but this production seems to have dwindled and few new Brazilian stones have been available in recent years and some dealers claim that this deposit is finished. The USA is currently the largest jewellery market for Alexandrite but fine stones are easy to sell almost anywhere.
Each Alexandrite is individual and it is rare to find two that display exactly the same colors under a variety of lighting conditions unless they are cut from the same crystal
With a limited budget, a buyer can opt for a smaller cleaner stone or a larger more included stone or a small stone with a great color change a large stone with a weak change. The price may be the same, but it is still the strength of the colour change that should be the most important consideration.
The traditional view is that the best Alexandrite shifts from emerald green to ruby red, but this hardly ever occurs. Most Alexandrites seem to show a good green in daylight or a beautiful red under incandescent light but few stones look good under every kind of light. Good quality Alexandrite is teal, emerald, or blue-green under natural daylight or fluorescent lighting that ideally changes to purple-red or red under regular incandescent light. Often a slightly grey, blue/violet/purple is seen.
The AGL (American Gem Lab) endorses the percentage of color change system. Alexandrite with a 100% color change shows complete color change on every axis - all facets change color. If half of the facets change colour, the gem is classified as a 50% change and so on. Most highly priced Alexandrite has a color change percentage of around 85-95%. Stones with a 90% shift should be considered fine. For example, a stone that is teal green in daylight should become purplish red under the light bulb, with little green left when the lighting is changed. The largest Alexandrite, with a weight of 1876 ct, was found in Sri Lanka.
The largest cut Alexandrite, 66 ct, belongs to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C.
Alexandrite in jewellery:
There are different types gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings and pendants.
Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones.
It is rare to find Alexandrite weighing over 0.25 carat. Stones less than 0.50 carat can be worth several thousand dollars at retail prices. Stones over one carat may retail for ten times this amount, and stones over three carats may cost up to 100,000 US$. Fine large Alexandrite, above five or six carats is extremely rare.
When buying Alexandrite jewellery the buyer should always ask for a Certificate of Authenticity or a Gem Identification report from a reputed Gem Laboratory.
Knowing the difference between a fake or a synthetic and a genuine natural Alexandrite requires both experience and knowledge. Most gemstones described as synthetic Alexandrite are actually corundum laced with trace elements to produce the color change.
Some natural gemstones may also change colour and can easily confused with alexandrite: spinel from Sri Lanka ,sapphire from Songea or Andalusite.
Andalusite sometimes called "poor man´s Alexandrite" because it offers colour play at a low price, but in fact Andalusite prices are always high in Africa because the natives either believe or pretend to believe that their rough is Alexandrite, which is worth almost 100 times more than rough Andalusite.
Alexandrite commands a high price equivalent to or even exceeding the price of gemstones like, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, and diamonds.
Beware of those selling 100% color change Alexandrite this is very uncommon. 75% is closer to the norm.
Flawless, large, perfect clarity, 100% color change Alexandrite, pretty much don't exist. If you see one for sale it is most likely a fake.
Fine Alexandrite, especially in qualities of over one carat, is extremely rare and become one of the most expensive gemstones in the world. It is rarer than fine Ruby, Sapphire or Emerald. The price of Alexandrite has risen in recent years due to high international demand, but as a gemstone investment, Alexandrite is a good choice because of its rarity, durability and distinctive historical significance.
Amazonite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.0-6.5
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Amazonite (sometimes called "Amazon stone") is a green variety of microcline feldspar mineral.It can be iridescent and color ranges anywhere from pale green to pale blue. The name is taken from that of the Amazon river, from which certain green stones were formerly obtained, but it is doubtful whether green feldspar occurs in the Amazon area.
Amazonite is a mineral of limited occurrence. Formerly it was obtained almost exclusively from 50 miles southwest of Chelyabinsk, Russia, where it occurs in granitic rocks. More recently, high-quality crystals have been obtained from Colorado. Amazonite is also found in pegmatite in Madagascar and in Brazil.
The Russian Variety is generally considered rarer and is a more intense Teal color with white runners, while the other variety, often associated with Colorado, USA is a lighter Aqua or Turquoise in color.
For many years, the source of Amazonite's color was a mystery. Naturally, many people assumed the color was due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colours. More recent studies suggest that the blue-green color results from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. (Hoffmeister and Rossman, 1985)
Amazonite in jewellery:
Because of its bright green colour when polished, Amazonite is sometimes cut and used in silver jewellery as a gemstone, although it is easily fractured. Amazonite jewellery is usually set as a cabochon with a rounded and convex polished surface because the gemstone breaks easily if faceted.
In fact a fine quality Amazonite can be mistaken for precious jade.
Amazonite does not undergo any kind of treatment. Its relative softness on the Moh's scale makes Amazonite vulnerable to pressure and scratches and requires some care.
Amazonite, though not common, is still very affordable with the prices starts from few US$ p/carat.
Amazonite is a mineral of limited occurrence. Formerly it was obtained almost exclusively from 50 miles southwest of Chelyabinsk, Russia, where it occurs in granitic rocks. More recently, high-quality crystals have been obtained from Colorado. Amazonite is also found in pegmatite in Madagascar and in Brazil.
The Russian Variety is generally considered rarer and is a more intense Teal color with white runners, while the other variety, often associated with Colorado, USA is a lighter Aqua or Turquoise in color.
For many years, the source of Amazonite's color was a mystery. Naturally, many people assumed the color was due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colours. More recent studies suggest that the blue-green color results from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. (Hoffmeister and Rossman, 1985)
Amazonite in jewellery:
Because of its bright green colour when polished, Amazonite is sometimes cut and used in silver jewellery as a gemstone, although it is easily fractured. Amazonite jewellery is usually set as a cabochon with a rounded and convex polished surface because the gemstone breaks easily if faceted.
In fact a fine quality Amazonite can be mistaken for precious jade.
Amazonite does not undergo any kind of treatment. Its relative softness on the Moh's scale makes Amazonite vulnerable to pressure and scratches and requires some care.
Amazonite, though not common, is still very affordable with the prices starts from few US$ p/carat.
Amber (Bursztyn, Jantar)
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 2.0-2.5
Amber is the fossilized resin from ancient forests.
Therefore, Amber is formed as a result of the fossilization of resin that that takes millions of years and involves a progressive oxidation and polymerization of the original organic compounds, oxygenated hydrocarbons. Although a specific time interval has not been established for this process, the majority of Amber is found within Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks(approximately 30-90 million years old).
It has been found in the form of pendants dating from the Paleolithic Era (c. 12,000 B.C.). Evidence of amber jewellery has been discovered by archaeologists tied to the Neolithic period.
Amber from the Baltic Sea has been extensively traded since antiquity and in the main land, from where amber was traded 2000 years ago.
The Amber collection in Malbork Castle in Poland has over 2,000 cataloged stone and jewellery pieces.
Slavic jantar are thought to originate from Phoenician jainitar (sea-resin). However, while most Slavic languages, such as Russian and Czech, retain the old Slavic word, in the Polish language, despite still being correct, jantar is used very rarely and was replaced by the word bursztyn deriving from the German analogue. The word "amber" was brought to Europe by the Crusaders.
Amber occurs in a range of different colours. As well as the usual yellow-orange-brown that is associated with the colour "amber", amber itself can range from a whitish colour through a pale lemon yellow, to brown and almost black. Other more uncommon colours include Red Amber (sometimes known as "cherry amber"), green amber, and even blue amber, which is rare and highly sought after.
Classification of Baltic Amber (succinite) gemstones by the International Amber Association.
Natural Baltic Amber – gemstone which has undergone mechanical treatment only (for instance: grinding, cutting, turning or polishing) without any change to its natural properties.
Modified Baltic amber – gemstone subjected only to thermal or high-pressure treatment, which changed its physical properties, including the degree of transparency and color, or shaped under similar conditions out of one nugget, previously cut to the required size.
Reconstructed (pressed) Baltic amber – gemstone made of Baltic amber pieces pressed in high temperature and under high pressure without additional components.
Bonded Baltic amber – gemstone consisting of two or more parts of natural, modified or reconstructed Baltic amber bonded together with the use of the smallest possible amount of a colorless binding agent necessary to join the pieces.
Amber is considered a gemstone - an organic gemstone like a pearl which is generated from biological processes. Amber can acquire an electric charge when rubbed. Thales described this magical property in about 600 BC - and it remains one of the most useful methods of identifying real amber.
The most fantastically beautiful use of Amber in history was the creation of "The Amber Room"
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In 1701, Fryderyk I Hohenzollern ordered an amber-style cabinet in his Berlin's Charlottenburg palace under the master of amber from Gdańsk, Andreas Schlüter. The first of the creators of the work was Gottfried Wolfram, who also learned his profession in Gdańsk. The next two contractors - masters of the Gdansk guild - Gottfried Turau and Ernest Schacht brought to mind Schlüter's idea. Work on it lasted eleven years. The work was impressive: the walls of the room measuring 10.5 × 11.5 m were covered by precisely selected and worked pieces of amber. They created reliefs, coats of arms, etc.
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In 1716 Tsar Peter the Great during a visit to Prussia, delighted with a masterpiece, he received it in a gift from Frederic William as a proof of friendship and confirmation of the alliance.
Amber Room went to St. Petersburg - first to the Summer Palace and later to the Winter Palace. From 1743, the office was expanded - including candelabras, mirrors and furniture were added. In 1755, Tsar Elżbieta moved the chamber to the palace in Tsarskoye Selo.
In 1941 it was looted by the Germans. In the summer of the following year the Amber Room was transported in several dozen chests to the Königsberg castle. However, in 1944, the chamber was again packed into crates and placed in the castle dungeons. This is the last certain news about the Amber Room.
Amber in jewellery:
There are different types of Amber gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings and pendants. Amber has long been worn and carried by men, as a talisman against sexual impotence. It is the symbol of divinity. Ancient painters used the color amber to denote the divine. The faces of Gods and goddesses, heroes and saints were all painted amber. The valuation of any gemstone is tied directly to its rarity. The level of succinite contained in Amber determines its quality. Baltic Amber contains the highest level of succinic acid, thus Baltic Amber is the most highly valued form of Amber.
The price range of amber is ranging from a few US$ to few hundreds US$ p/carat.
Amber Room went to St. Petersburg - first to the Summer Palace and later to the Winter Palace. From 1743, the office was expanded - including candelabras, mirrors and furniture were added. In 1755, Tsar Elżbieta moved the chamber to the palace in Tsarskoye Selo.
In 1941 it was looted by the Germans. In the summer of the following year the Amber Room was transported in several dozen chests to the Königsberg castle. However, in 1944, the chamber was again packed into crates and placed in the castle dungeons. This is the last certain news about the Amber Room.
Amber in jewellery:
There are different types of Amber gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings and pendants. Amber has long been worn and carried by men, as a talisman against sexual impotence. It is the symbol of divinity. Ancient painters used the color amber to denote the divine. The faces of Gods and goddesses, heroes and saints were all painted amber. The valuation of any gemstone is tied directly to its rarity. The level of succinite contained in Amber determines its quality. Baltic Amber contains the highest level of succinic acid, thus Baltic Amber is the most highly valued form of Amber.
The price range of amber is ranging from a few US$ to few hundreds US$ p/carat.
Amethyst
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 7.0
Birthstone Months with Amethyst • Modern Birthstone, Traditional Birthstone, and Ayurvedic Birthstone for February • Birthstone for the sign of Pisces Feb 20 ~ Mar 20 Anniversary Gemstone & Gifts for Amethyst • Anniversary gemstone for the 4th and 6th year of marriage. Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz. |
The name comes from the Ancient Greek methustos ("intoxicated"), a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness while medieval European soldiers wore amethyst amulets as protection in battle.
Amethyst was used as a gemstone by the ancient Egyptians and was largely employed in antiquity for intaglio engraved gems.
Amethyst is produced in abundance in Brazil where it occurs in volcanic rocks. Many of the hollow agates of southwestern Brazil and Uruguay contain a crop of amethyst crystals in the interior. Uruguay and Brazil are large world producers. Amethyst is also found and mined in South Korea, Austria, Russia, India,United States and Ontario in Canada. One of the largest global amethyst producers is Zambia with an annual production of about 1000 tonnes.
One thing that has been known for a long time, on the other hand, is the fact that the amethyst changes its color on being heated. Smoky stones are transformed at temperatures of as little as 250 degrees to a shining yellow to brownish-red, whilst clear ones, those with a high degree of transparency, become yellow, green or colorless at 400 -750 degrees.
Amethyst in jewellery :
Up to 18th century amethyst was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones (along with diamond,sapphire, ruby and emerald). However since the discovery of extensive deposits in locations such as Brazil it has lost most of its value. Collectors look for depth of color, possibly with red flashes if cut conventionally. The highest grade amethyst (called "Deep Russian") is exceptionally rare and therefore its value is dependent on the demand of collectors when one is found. It is however still orders of magnitude lower than the highest grade sapphires or rubies (padparadscha sapphire or "pigeon's blood" ruby).The "Siberian" deep purple with red and blue flash commands the highest prices. As the stone is plentiful, there is little reason to pay top dollar for stones with visible inclusions or inferior cutting. Price range for medium sized, medium to deep purple stones, as 5-25 US$ p/carat for commercial cuts, and up to 50.00 US$ p/carat for stone large than 1 carat. Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. Amethyst jewellery includes rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, anklets and pendants are available in silver jewellery and gold jewellery.
Amethyst was used as a gemstone by the ancient Egyptians and was largely employed in antiquity for intaglio engraved gems.
Amethyst is produced in abundance in Brazil where it occurs in volcanic rocks. Many of the hollow agates of southwestern Brazil and Uruguay contain a crop of amethyst crystals in the interior. Uruguay and Brazil are large world producers. Amethyst is also found and mined in South Korea, Austria, Russia, India,United States and Ontario in Canada. One of the largest global amethyst producers is Zambia with an annual production of about 1000 tonnes.
One thing that has been known for a long time, on the other hand, is the fact that the amethyst changes its color on being heated. Smoky stones are transformed at temperatures of as little as 250 degrees to a shining yellow to brownish-red, whilst clear ones, those with a high degree of transparency, become yellow, green or colorless at 400 -750 degrees.
Amethyst in jewellery :
Up to 18th century amethyst was included in the cardinal, or most valuable, gemstones (along with diamond,sapphire, ruby and emerald). However since the discovery of extensive deposits in locations such as Brazil it has lost most of its value. Collectors look for depth of color, possibly with red flashes if cut conventionally. The highest grade amethyst (called "Deep Russian") is exceptionally rare and therefore its value is dependent on the demand of collectors when one is found. It is however still orders of magnitude lower than the highest grade sapphires or rubies (padparadscha sapphire or "pigeon's blood" ruby).The "Siberian" deep purple with red and blue flash commands the highest prices. As the stone is plentiful, there is little reason to pay top dollar for stones with visible inclusions or inferior cutting. Price range for medium sized, medium to deep purple stones, as 5-25 US$ p/carat for commercial cuts, and up to 50.00 US$ p/carat for stone large than 1 carat. Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. Amethyst jewellery includes rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, anklets and pendants are available in silver jewellery and gold jewellery.
Ametrine
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 7.0
Ametrine, also known as trystine or by its trade name as bolivianite, is a naturally occurring variety of quartz. It is a mixture of Amethyst and Citrine with zones of purple and yellow or orange. Almost all commercially available Ametrine is mined in Bolivia, although there are deposits being exploited in Brazil and India. |
The color of the zones visible within Ametrine are due to differing oxidation occur due to there being a temperature gradient across the crystal during its formation.
Artificial Ametrine can be created by differential heat treatment of Amethyst.
Legend has it that Ametrine was the first introduced to Europe by a conquistador.
Color change of Ametrine is the most distinguishing property of Ametrine . You have to note the color change of the gemstone before purchasing. The complete color change from green to red without any sequence of other colors in between represents the more valuable and rare gemstone. For viewing the natural color of the gemstone take the Ametrine to the shady area and not to direct sunlight. For checking the color change take the gemstone to a darker place where you have only the incandescent light.
Natural Ametrine from Bolivia has high carat weight, good clarity and bright colors. So only natural Ametrine is expensive. So while buying Ametrine make sure it is not synthetic.
Most Ametrine in the low price segment can surely be assumed to stem from synthetic material. Since 1994 a Russian laboratory has perfected the industrial production of bicolored quartz crystals that are later irradiated to bring out the typical Ametrine colours.
Green-yellow or golden-blue Ametrine does not exist naturally.
Ametrine in jewellery:
There are different types gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings and pendants. Cut, clarity and higher carat weight determinate the value of the stone. Better the color change, the better the quality of gemstone. A carat weight of 5 or more is required to see distinctive color change. Ametrine jewellery is said to bring in serenity and calmness to the wearer. It helps to enhance one's ability to assimilate new ideas. It has healing properties of the digestive system, nervous, heart, skin and hearing. Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones.
Ametrine faceted stones prices starts from about 5.00 US$ - 50.00 US$ p/carat.
Artificial Ametrine can be created by differential heat treatment of Amethyst.
Legend has it that Ametrine was the first introduced to Europe by a conquistador.
Color change of Ametrine is the most distinguishing property of Ametrine . You have to note the color change of the gemstone before purchasing. The complete color change from green to red without any sequence of other colors in between represents the more valuable and rare gemstone. For viewing the natural color of the gemstone take the Ametrine to the shady area and not to direct sunlight. For checking the color change take the gemstone to a darker place where you have only the incandescent light.
Natural Ametrine from Bolivia has high carat weight, good clarity and bright colors. So only natural Ametrine is expensive. So while buying Ametrine make sure it is not synthetic.
Most Ametrine in the low price segment can surely be assumed to stem from synthetic material. Since 1994 a Russian laboratory has perfected the industrial production of bicolored quartz crystals that are later irradiated to bring out the typical Ametrine colours.
Green-yellow or golden-blue Ametrine does not exist naturally.
Ametrine in jewellery:
There are different types gold and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings and pendants. Cut, clarity and higher carat weight determinate the value of the stone. Better the color change, the better the quality of gemstone. A carat weight of 5 or more is required to see distinctive color change. Ametrine jewellery is said to bring in serenity and calmness to the wearer. It helps to enhance one's ability to assimilate new ideas. It has healing properties of the digestive system, nervous, heart, skin and hearing. Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones.
Ametrine faceted stones prices starts from about 5.00 US$ - 50.00 US$ p/carat.
Ammolite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 4.5-5.5
Ammolite is a rare and valuable - like organic gemstone found primarily in the United States and Canada. It is arguably one of the rarest gemstone on earth, rivaling the rarity of such gemstones as Alexandrite and red diamonds. It is made of the fossilized shells of Ammonites, which in turn are composed primarily of aragonite, the same mineral that makes up nacreous pearls. It is one of several biogenic gemstones; others include amber and pearl. In 1981, Ammolite was given official gemstone status by the World Jewellery Confederation, the same year commercial mining of Ammolite began. |
The grade and therefore the value of an ammolite gemstone for jewellery is determined by the following criteria:
The number of primary colors -The most valuable grades have roughly equal portions of three or more primary colors or 1–2 bright and even colors, with the lowest grades having one comparatively dull color predominant.
The way the colors play(chromatic shift and rotational range) - Chromatic shift is how the colors vary with the angle of viewing and the angle of light striking the gemstone; in higher grades this variation is almost prismatic in its scope, while lower grades show very little variation. Rotational range is how far the specimen can be turned while maintaining its play of color; the best rotate 360 degrees compromised, while lesser stones may exhibit highly directional colors that are only visible within a narrow rotational range, down to 90° or less. Intermediate grades have ranges of 240–180°.
Brightness of colors -The brightness of colors is essentially dependent on how well-preserved the nacreous shell is, and how fine and orderly the layers of aragonite are. The quality of the polish is also a factor. The "dragon skin" cracking usually hinders its value; the most prized Ammolite is the sheet type and has broad, uninterrupted swathes of color similar to the "broad flash" category of opal. The matrix is not visible in finer grades, and there should be no foreign minerals breaking up or diminishing the iridescence.
The thickness of the Ammolite layer is also an important factor: after polishing, the Ammolite is only 0.1–0.3 millimeters thick. The rarest and most valuable are thick enough to stand alone, with only a thin portion of its original matrix (not exceeding 1.5 mm); but the vast majority require some sort of supportive backing.
Ammolite in jewellery:
Ammolite is considered the rarest organic gem material. It is soft and delicate, most often requiring special processing techniques known only to a few experts specializing in this commercial industry. Ammolite is sold for 30 US$ to 65 US$ p/ carat.
Compared to most other gems, Ammolite has a rather scant history of use in jewellery. Ammolite is usually fashioned into cabochon and mounted in gold or silver jewellery with diamonds as accents.
Due to its delicacy Ammolite is best reserved for use in pendants, earrings, and brooches.
The number of primary colors -The most valuable grades have roughly equal portions of three or more primary colors or 1–2 bright and even colors, with the lowest grades having one comparatively dull color predominant.
The way the colors play(chromatic shift and rotational range) - Chromatic shift is how the colors vary with the angle of viewing and the angle of light striking the gemstone; in higher grades this variation is almost prismatic in its scope, while lower grades show very little variation. Rotational range is how far the specimen can be turned while maintaining its play of color; the best rotate 360 degrees compromised, while lesser stones may exhibit highly directional colors that are only visible within a narrow rotational range, down to 90° or less. Intermediate grades have ranges of 240–180°.
Brightness of colors -The brightness of colors is essentially dependent on how well-preserved the nacreous shell is, and how fine and orderly the layers of aragonite are. The quality of the polish is also a factor. The "dragon skin" cracking usually hinders its value; the most prized Ammolite is the sheet type and has broad, uninterrupted swathes of color similar to the "broad flash" category of opal. The matrix is not visible in finer grades, and there should be no foreign minerals breaking up or diminishing the iridescence.
The thickness of the Ammolite layer is also an important factor: after polishing, the Ammolite is only 0.1–0.3 millimeters thick. The rarest and most valuable are thick enough to stand alone, with only a thin portion of its original matrix (not exceeding 1.5 mm); but the vast majority require some sort of supportive backing.
Ammolite in jewellery:
Ammolite is considered the rarest organic gem material. It is soft and delicate, most often requiring special processing techniques known only to a few experts specializing in this commercial industry. Ammolite is sold for 30 US$ to 65 US$ p/ carat.
Compared to most other gems, Ammolite has a rather scant history of use in jewellery. Ammolite is usually fashioned into cabochon and mounted in gold or silver jewellery with diamonds as accents.
Due to its delicacy Ammolite is best reserved for use in pendants, earrings, and brooches.
Andalusite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.5-7.5
Andalusite is named for its type locality of Andalusia, Spain. It is a polymorphic with two other minerals: kyanite and sillimanite. A polymorph is a mineral that shares the same chemistry but a different crystal structure with other minerals. Color: dark green, gray, brown, red, green. |
A unique variety of Andalusite is called "Chiastolite". It contains black or brown clay and/or carbonaceous material (often graphite) inclusions in the crystal.
These inclusions are arranged in regular symmetrical shapes - especially prized when they are in the form of a cross or X.
It is a very rare gem that when placed in the sun and turned in different directions, it looks as if different colors are shining through it, but in all actuality, the colors were always there. They seem hidden because there are just so many shades and pigments throughout the one gem, that it is hard to see them without sunlight. Andalusite gems can be found in places such as Brazil and Sri Lanka.
Andalusite in jewellery:
This gemstone is affordable and very popular in men's gold and silver jewellery items. Cutters try to orient the gem to get a pleasing mix of colors: orange-brown and a yellowish green or gold. When they succeed, Andalusite looks quite unlike any other gemstone, with patterns of color dancing around the facets. The best color play is seen in fancy shapes, particularly rectangular.
Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. Value of commercial quality faceted stones is around 40 US$ p/carat and for clean , good color and larger stones up to 200 US$ p/carat. There are different types gold Andalusite gpld and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings, pendants and necklaces.
These inclusions are arranged in regular symmetrical shapes - especially prized when they are in the form of a cross or X.
It is a very rare gem that when placed in the sun and turned in different directions, it looks as if different colors are shining through it, but in all actuality, the colors were always there. They seem hidden because there are just so many shades and pigments throughout the one gem, that it is hard to see them without sunlight. Andalusite gems can be found in places such as Brazil and Sri Lanka.
Andalusite in jewellery:
This gemstone is affordable and very popular in men's gold and silver jewellery items. Cutters try to orient the gem to get a pleasing mix of colors: orange-brown and a yellowish green or gold. When they succeed, Andalusite looks quite unlike any other gemstone, with patterns of color dancing around the facets. The best color play is seen in fancy shapes, particularly rectangular.
Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. Value of commercial quality faceted stones is around 40 US$ p/carat and for clean , good color and larger stones up to 200 US$ p/carat. There are different types gold Andalusite gpld and silver jewellery such as rings, bracelets, earrings, pendants and necklaces.
Andesine
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.0-6.5
Andesine is a silicate mineral member of the feldspar (mineral crystalize from magma). Andesine was first described in 1841 for an occurrence in the Marmato mine in Columbia. |
The name is for the Andes due to its abundance in the andesite lavas in those mountains. Andesine is a member of the group of minerals known as Feldspar.
Sources of gem quality Andesine crystal are from recent find in China, Congo and Tibet. Andesine ranging in different colors like orange, red, champagne, orange red.
Andesine in jewellery:
The jewellery industry once thought these stones to be untreated, it is now commonly believed that the stones likely received at least heat treatment to bring out the color. The rich green variety often exhibits a color shift phenomenon toward red. Both color are stunning and will make a wonderful addition to jewellery collectors. The price range of Andesine is ranging from about 20 US$ to hundreds US$ p/carat .Since four Cs" (colour, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones.
Andesine gold or silver jewellery includes rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, anklets and pendants but are available mostly in gold.
Sources of gem quality Andesine crystal are from recent find in China, Congo and Tibet. Andesine ranging in different colors like orange, red, champagne, orange red.
Andesine in jewellery:
The jewellery industry once thought these stones to be untreated, it is now commonly believed that the stones likely received at least heat treatment to bring out the color. The rich green variety often exhibits a color shift phenomenon toward red. Both color are stunning and will make a wonderful addition to jewellery collectors. The price range of Andesine is ranging from about 20 US$ to hundreds US$ p/carat .Since four Cs" (colour, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones.
Andesine gold or silver jewellery includes rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, anklets and pendants but are available mostly in gold.
Apatite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 5.0
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals and is one of a few minerals that are produced and used by biological micro-environmental systems. The primary use of apatite is in the manufacture of fertilizer - it is a source of phosphorus. Apatite is infrequently used as a gemstone in jewellery. Transparent stones of clean color have been faceted, and chatoyant specimens have been cabochon cut. |
Chatoyant stones are known as cat's-eye apatite, transparent green stones are known as asparagus stone, and blue stones have been called moroxite. Crystals of rutile may have grown in the crystal of apatite so when in the right light, the cut stone displays a cat's eye effect.
Major sources for gem apatite are Brazil, Burma, and Mexico. Other sources : Canada, Czech Republic , Germany, India, Madagascar, Mozambique, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, and the US.
Apatite in jewellery:
Apatite is a stone seldom found in gold or silver jewellery and virtually unknown to the general public, is beloved by collectors for its many different colors and forms.
This stone is fragile and very sensitive to chemicals, abrasives, heat, acids, and ammonia. The price for fine blue stones of between 0.5 to 1.0 carat vary from 10.00 US$ to 200.00 US$ p/carat and about 300.00 US$ p/carat for stone larger thBrazilian stones is 100 US$ p/carat. The rarest of all varieties, a rich purple from Maine, tops the list en 1 carat.
Estimate value for blue at 250.00 US$ - 400.00 US$ p/carat.
The degree of polish can vary on this soft stone due to skill levels of individual cutters, giving well polished stones premium value. As with most gems, saturation of color, size, and clarity determines the value. Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gem.
Major sources for gem apatite are Brazil, Burma, and Mexico. Other sources : Canada, Czech Republic , Germany, India, Madagascar, Mozambique, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, and the US.
Apatite in jewellery:
Apatite is a stone seldom found in gold or silver jewellery and virtually unknown to the general public, is beloved by collectors for its many different colors and forms.
This stone is fragile and very sensitive to chemicals, abrasives, heat, acids, and ammonia. The price for fine blue stones of between 0.5 to 1.0 carat vary from 10.00 US$ to 200.00 US$ p/carat and about 300.00 US$ p/carat for stone larger thBrazilian stones is 100 US$ p/carat. The rarest of all varieties, a rich purple from Maine, tops the list en 1 carat.
Estimate value for blue at 250.00 US$ - 400.00 US$ p/carat.
The degree of polish can vary on this soft stone due to skill levels of individual cutters, giving well polished stones premium value. As with most gems, saturation of color, size, and clarity determines the value. Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gem.
Aquamarine
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 7.5-8.0
Birthstone Months with Aquamarine • Modern Birthstone for Marc • Zodiac Birthstone for the sign of Pisces (Feb 19 - Mar 20) Anniversary Gemstone & Gifts with Aquamarine Aquamarine is the anniversary Gemstone for the 19th year of marriage. It is traditional to present Aquamarine to new brides to help them be faithful and true. |
Aquamarine is a type of beryl.Iron is the substance which gives aquamarine its colour, a colour which ranges from an almost indiscernible pale blue to a strong sea-blue. Aquamarine derives its name from Lat. aqua marina – "water of the sea". It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, some of the finest coming from Russia. The gem-gravel placer deposits of Sri Lanka contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurs in Brazil, is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite.
Aquamarines can be found in the United States, mines of Colombia, Zambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya.
The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. It weighed over 110kg, and its dimensions were 48.5cm long and 42cm in diameter.
Most aquamarine is heat treated to improve its colour. Natural (untreated) aquamarine is most common in very pale shades of blue and yellowish teal. When heated, the colour can turn into the intense "aqua blue" that we associate with them. A natural (untreated) aquamarine that has a strong blue colour will always be more than a similar aquamarine that has been treated. They are, however, difficult to find and are very expensive.
Aquamarine in jewellery:
Aquamarine became really popular in the 17th century and during Victorian times. Aquamarine gold and silver jewellery includes rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, anklets and pendants are available in silver and gold.
The price range of Aquamarine is very large, ranging from a few US$ to 1000.00 US$ p/ carat. It is possible to find very large (over 10 carats) aquamarines.
Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones, but intensity of color and the clarity of the stone are the most important criteria when evaluating Aquamarine. Deep blue aquamarines are rare and command higher prices in jewellery market. For example a 40 carat very pale aquamarine gem will be worth the same as a very fine deep blue aquamarine of one carat size.
Aquamarines can be found in the United States, mines of Colombia, Zambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya.
The biggest aquamarine ever mined was found at the city of Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1910. It weighed over 110kg, and its dimensions were 48.5cm long and 42cm in diameter.
Most aquamarine is heat treated to improve its colour. Natural (untreated) aquamarine is most common in very pale shades of blue and yellowish teal. When heated, the colour can turn into the intense "aqua blue" that we associate with them. A natural (untreated) aquamarine that has a strong blue colour will always be more than a similar aquamarine that has been treated. They are, however, difficult to find and are very expensive.
Aquamarine in jewellery:
Aquamarine became really popular in the 17th century and during Victorian times. Aquamarine gold and silver jewellery includes rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, anklets and pendants are available in silver and gold.
The price range of Aquamarine is very large, ranging from a few US$ to 1000.00 US$ p/ carat. It is possible to find very large (over 10 carats) aquamarines.
Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones, but intensity of color and the clarity of the stone are the most important criteria when evaluating Aquamarine. Deep blue aquamarines are rare and command higher prices in jewellery market. For example a 40 carat very pale aquamarine gem will be worth the same as a very fine deep blue aquamarine of one carat size.
Aventurine
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.5
Birthstone Months with Aventurine • Planetary Stone for sign of Taurus (Apr 20 - May 20) Anniversary Gemstone & Gift for Aventurine Aventurine is anniversary gemstone for the 8th year of marriage. |
Aventurine is a form of quartz, characterized by its translucency and the presence of platy mineral inclusions that give a shimmering or glistening effect termed aventurescence.
The most common color of Aventurine is green, but it may also be orange, brown, yellow, blue, or gray. Chrome-bearing fuchsite is the classic inclusion, and gives a silvery green or blue sheen. Oranges and browns are attributed to hematite or goethite (well known since prehistoric times for its use as a pigment).
Aventurine feldspar or Sunstone can be confused with orange and red Aventurine quartzite, although the former is generally of a higher transparency. Aventurine is often banded and an overabundance of fuchsite may render it opaque, in which case it may be mistaken for malachite at first glance.
The name Aventurine derives from the Italian "a ventura" meaning "by chance". Goldstone is now a common imitation of aventurine and sunstone. Goldstone is distinguished visually from the latter two minerals by its coarse flecks of copper, dispersed within the glass in an unnaturally uniform manner. It is usually a golden brown, but may also be found in blue or green.
The majority of green and blue-green Aventurine originates in India (particularly in the vicinity of Mysore and Madras) where it is employed by prolific artisans. Creamy white, grey and orange material is found in Chile, Spain and Russia.
Aventurine in jewellery:
One of the unusual and primary use of this rock is that it is used as the lapidary material. This stone is also extensively used as ornamental stone carved efficiently into decorative items such as vases, bowls and figurines It is commonly carved into cameo that is valued in many parts of the world. Jewellery items holding gemstones are made of sterling silver, white and yellow gold. Aventurine gemstone is very well paired with the moonstone and pearls. Bright green gems makes fascinating stud earrings. Drop earrings, chandelier earrings, cluster earrings and post earrings are also gaining recognized day by day. Pendants in cabochons shape are ideal for casual wear. Aventurine is a very affordable gem material , the price is ranging from 1.00 US$ - 5.00 US$ p/carat.
The most valuable Aventurine is a bright green with sparkly flakey green inclusions visible from within the stone. A large, expertly carved and perfectly polished piece will also be worth more.
The most common color of Aventurine is green, but it may also be orange, brown, yellow, blue, or gray. Chrome-bearing fuchsite is the classic inclusion, and gives a silvery green or blue sheen. Oranges and browns are attributed to hematite or goethite (well known since prehistoric times for its use as a pigment).
Aventurine feldspar or Sunstone can be confused with orange and red Aventurine quartzite, although the former is generally of a higher transparency. Aventurine is often banded and an overabundance of fuchsite may render it opaque, in which case it may be mistaken for malachite at first glance.
The name Aventurine derives from the Italian "a ventura" meaning "by chance". Goldstone is now a common imitation of aventurine and sunstone. Goldstone is distinguished visually from the latter two minerals by its coarse flecks of copper, dispersed within the glass in an unnaturally uniform manner. It is usually a golden brown, but may also be found in blue or green.
The majority of green and blue-green Aventurine originates in India (particularly in the vicinity of Mysore and Madras) where it is employed by prolific artisans. Creamy white, grey and orange material is found in Chile, Spain and Russia.
Aventurine in jewellery:
One of the unusual and primary use of this rock is that it is used as the lapidary material. This stone is also extensively used as ornamental stone carved efficiently into decorative items such as vases, bowls and figurines It is commonly carved into cameo that is valued in many parts of the world. Jewellery items holding gemstones are made of sterling silver, white and yellow gold. Aventurine gemstone is very well paired with the moonstone and pearls. Bright green gems makes fascinating stud earrings. Drop earrings, chandelier earrings, cluster earrings and post earrings are also gaining recognized day by day. Pendants in cabochons shape are ideal for casual wear. Aventurine is a very affordable gem material , the price is ranging from 1.00 US$ - 5.00 US$ p/carat.
The most valuable Aventurine is a bright green with sparkly flakey green inclusions visible from within the stone. A large, expertly carved and perfectly polished piece will also be worth more.
Axinite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.0-7.5
Axinite is a brown to violet-brown, or reddish-brown bladed group of minerals belongs to the mineral-group called Cyclosilicates. sometimes occur in gem quality,composed of calcium aluminum boro-silicate. Axinite is referred to as a "group" because there are a number of minerals with slightly different chemical composition but with a common crystal structure. |
The axinite group includes:
Axinite-(Fe), iron rich, violet brown to black
Axinite-(Mg), magnesium rich, pale blue to gray or violet
Axinite-(Mn), manganese rich, yellow-orange to brown
Tinzenite, calcium - manganese rich, yellow
Axinite is pyroelectric and piezoelectric.
Axinite is a gemstone which gets its name from the term 'acine' which in Greek means axe, shape of the original crystal formations.
Axinite deposits are found in Brazil, France, Mexico (especially Baja California), Russia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Pakistan.
Axinite in jewellery :
Though it is sufficiently hard to be used for jewellery, it is so uncommon that few jewellery manufacture work with it. A rare and unusual gemstone more for collectors than consumers. Axinite is considered to be a semi-precious gemstone and while limited in nature, gems of good color and size are available, however, faceted stones above 1 carat are rare, but the glassy luster and vibrant co lours make the gemstone a real beauty in jewellery items. It is a strongly pleochroic gem, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. It may be confused with chrysoberyl, hessonite, topaz or tourmaline in the yellow variety but the other colors are distinctive.Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. Reasonable specimens are relatively not expensive for about 20 US$ p/carat but very good quality hand specimens are uncommon and may bring prices from about 100 US$ p/carat and over $1,000 per stone.
Axinite-(Fe), iron rich, violet brown to black
Axinite-(Mg), magnesium rich, pale blue to gray or violet
Axinite-(Mn), manganese rich, yellow-orange to brown
Tinzenite, calcium - manganese rich, yellow
Axinite is pyroelectric and piezoelectric.
Axinite is a gemstone which gets its name from the term 'acine' which in Greek means axe, shape of the original crystal formations.
Axinite deposits are found in Brazil, France, Mexico (especially Baja California), Russia, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Pakistan.
Axinite in jewellery :
Though it is sufficiently hard to be used for jewellery, it is so uncommon that few jewellery manufacture work with it. A rare and unusual gemstone more for collectors than consumers. Axinite is considered to be a semi-precious gemstone and while limited in nature, gems of good color and size are available, however, faceted stones above 1 carat are rare, but the glassy luster and vibrant co lours make the gemstone a real beauty in jewellery items. It is a strongly pleochroic gem, meaning it displays different colors when viewed from different angles. It may be confused with chrysoberyl, hessonite, topaz or tourmaline in the yellow variety but the other colors are distinctive.Since four Cs" (color, cut, clarity and carat), has been introduced to help the consumer understand the factors used to grade a diamond, with modification, these categories can be useful in understanding the grading of all gemstones. Reasonable specimens are relatively not expensive for about 20 US$ p/carat but very good quality hand specimens are uncommon and may bring prices from about 100 US$ p/carat and over $1,000 per stone.
Azurite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 3.5-4.0
Azurite is a soft, deep blue copper mineral,known since ancient times. Azurite was used as a blue pigment for centuries.Both Azurite and malachite are forms of oxidized copper and the two minerals are often found mixed together. Azurite name originates from the Persian word 'lazhward' meaning blue.The mineral is also known as chessylite named after him the Chessy-les-Mines near the city of Lyon in France. |
Azurite was also mined during the 12th century in Saxony and the various silver mines that were located there. Azurite is found in France, Australia, Russia, Chile and the USA usually in the desert where they have low humidity.
Azurite in jewellery:
Azurite is used occasionally as beads and as jewellery, and also as an ornamental and decorative stone. The thing he keeps it from being used more commonly as a gemstone is its softness and the fact that it weathers easily reverting back to malachite. The intense color of Azurite makes it a popular collector's stone, but preserve the deep blue color collectors should use a cool, dark, sealed storage environment similar to that of its original natural setting.
The price for Azurite cabochon stones starts from about 5.00 US$ - 10.00 US$ p/carat.
Azurite in jewellery:
Azurite is used occasionally as beads and as jewellery, and also as an ornamental and decorative stone. The thing he keeps it from being used more commonly as a gemstone is its softness and the fact that it weathers easily reverting back to malachite. The intense color of Azurite makes it a popular collector's stone, but preserve the deep blue color collectors should use a cool, dark, sealed storage environment similar to that of its original natural setting.
The price for Azurite cabochon stones starts from about 5.00 US$ - 10.00 US$ p/carat.
B
Baddeleyite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.5
Baddeleyite is a rare natural mineralogical composite of natural zirconium oxide, hydrated zirconium oxide and zirconium silicate , occurring in a variety of mono-clinic prismatic crystal forms. It is transparent to translucent, has high indices of refraction, and ranges from colorless to yellow, green, greenish or reddish brown, brown and iron-black. |
Baddeleyite Synonyms:
Baddeleyite, Zirconium ore, Zirconium dioxide, Baddeleyit, Buddleyit, Reitingerit, Baddeleyita, Caldasita, Reitingerita.
Baddeleyite was first described in 1892 from Sri Lanka, and Minas Gerais and Jacupiranga, São Paulo, Brazil. It was named after Joseph Baddeley, who described the occurrences in Sri Lanka .
Deposit faund in Rakwana and Balangoda, Ceylon, Sri Lanka, Italy, Brazil, USA, Zaire, South Africa, Sweden .
Baddeleyite in jewellery:
Baddeleyite is the natural form and material for production of Cubic Zirconia (CZ) synthetic gemstone use mostly for silver jewellery, the first appeared on the market in 1976 and is a popular choice for consumers who are looking for a high end look at a budget price.
Baddeleyite, Zirconium ore, Zirconium dioxide, Baddeleyit, Buddleyit, Reitingerit, Baddeleyita, Caldasita, Reitingerita.
Baddeleyite was first described in 1892 from Sri Lanka, and Minas Gerais and Jacupiranga, São Paulo, Brazil. It was named after Joseph Baddeley, who described the occurrences in Sri Lanka .
Deposit faund in Rakwana and Balangoda, Ceylon, Sri Lanka, Italy, Brazil, USA, Zaire, South Africa, Sweden .
Baddeleyite in jewellery:
Baddeleyite is the natural form and material for production of Cubic Zirconia (CZ) synthetic gemstone use mostly for silver jewellery, the first appeared on the market in 1976 and is a popular choice for consumers who are looking for a high end look at a budget price.
Beryl
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 7.5-8
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The mineral beryl is a beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate. The hexagonal crystals of beryl may be very small or range to several meters in size.
Beryl was traditionally recommended for curing throat or liver disorders. It was also said to preserve wedded love and to be a good medium for magical vision.
Terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colourless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, red, and white. Beryl of various colors is found most commonly in granitic pegmatites, but also occurs in mica schist in the Ural Mountains, and limestone in Colombia. Beryl is often associated with tin and tungsten ore bodies.
Beryl is found in Europe in Norway, Austria, Germany, Sweden (especially morganite), and Ireland, as well as Brazil, Colombia, Madagascar, Russia, South Africa, the United States, and Zambia.
The most production is a by-product of the mining of feldspar and mica. Brazil is a major producer; others include Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, and the U.S.
Before 1925 beryl was used only as a gemstone, but since then many important uses have been found for beryllium (e.g., in nuclear reactors, space vehicles, and X-ray tubes).
Beryl varieties :
Aquamarine,
Emerald (Bixbite ,Red Beryl),
Goshenite (Colorless Beryl),
Heliodor (Yellow/Golden Beryl),
Morganite (Pink Beryl).
The most valued variety of beryl is Emerald .
Beryl was traditionally recommended for curing throat or liver disorders. It was also said to preserve wedded love and to be a good medium for magical vision.
Terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colourless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, red, and white. Beryl of various colors is found most commonly in granitic pegmatites, but also occurs in mica schist in the Ural Mountains, and limestone in Colombia. Beryl is often associated with tin and tungsten ore bodies.
Beryl is found in Europe in Norway, Austria, Germany, Sweden (especially morganite), and Ireland, as well as Brazil, Colombia, Madagascar, Russia, South Africa, the United States, and Zambia.
The most production is a by-product of the mining of feldspar and mica. Brazil is a major producer; others include Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia, and the U.S.
Before 1925 beryl was used only as a gemstone, but since then many important uses have been found for beryllium (e.g., in nuclear reactors, space vehicles, and X-ray tubes).
Beryl varieties :
Aquamarine,
Emerald (Bixbite ,Red Beryl),
Goshenite (Colorless Beryl),
Heliodor (Yellow/Golden Beryl),
Morganite (Pink Beryl).
The most valued variety of beryl is Emerald .
(Bloodstone) Heliotrope
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 6.5-7.0
Birthstone Months with Bloodstone • Zodiac Birthstone for sign of Aries (Mar 21-Apr 19) • Traditional and Ayurvedic Birthstone for March • Mystical Birthstone for February |
Heliotrope, also known as bloodstone, is a form of chalcedony (which is a cryptocrystalline mixture of quartz and its mono-clinic polymorph moganite.
The "classic" bloodstone is green chalcedony with red inclusions of iron oxide or red jasper. Sometimes the inclusions are yellow, in which case the mineral is given the name plasma. The iron minerals cause the deep red and brown colors. In the Middle Ages, bloodstone was attributed special powers as the spots were thought to be the blood of Jesus Christ. It was used in sculptures representing flagellation and martyrdom.
India is one of the most important mining locations for this gem. Australia, Brazil, China and the United States are other sources for bloodstone.
Polished sections therefore show red spots on a dark-green background, and from the resemblance of these to drops of blood it derives its name "bloodstone". The name "heliotrope" (from Greek :helios - sun, trepein - to turn) derives from various ancient notions about the manner in which the mineral reflects light.
Bloodstone in jewellery:
Bloodstone is an inexpensive stone, the price start from about 1US$ p/carat. In jewellery, including silver jewellery it is widely used for pendants and bead necklaces.
Beads are also given different cuts like oval, round and baroque shapes. Mostly sterling silver is used for making jewelry from Bloodstone beads.
The "classic" bloodstone is green chalcedony with red inclusions of iron oxide or red jasper. Sometimes the inclusions are yellow, in which case the mineral is given the name plasma. The iron minerals cause the deep red and brown colors. In the Middle Ages, bloodstone was attributed special powers as the spots were thought to be the blood of Jesus Christ. It was used in sculptures representing flagellation and martyrdom.
India is one of the most important mining locations for this gem. Australia, Brazil, China and the United States are other sources for bloodstone.
Polished sections therefore show red spots on a dark-green background, and from the resemblance of these to drops of blood it derives its name "bloodstone". The name "heliotrope" (from Greek :helios - sun, trepein - to turn) derives from various ancient notions about the manner in which the mineral reflects light.
Bloodstone in jewellery:
Bloodstone is an inexpensive stone, the price start from about 1US$ p/carat. In jewellery, including silver jewellery it is widely used for pendants and bead necklaces.
Beads are also given different cuts like oval, round and baroque shapes. Mostly sterling silver is used for making jewelry from Bloodstone beads.
C
Calcite
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 3.0
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate. Calcite crystals are trigonal-rhombohedra and is found in a wide variety of locations throughout the world. Italy is known for high-quality marbles, particularly the creamy Carrara marble. Transparent, colourless rhombs are classified as “Iceland spar”; a white fibrous variety, cut in cabochon, shows the cat’s-eye effect. Pink and green crystals occur in the united states, Germany, and England The largest documented single crystals of calcite originated from Iceland, measured 7×7×2 m and 6×6×3 m and weighed about 250 tons. The name Calcite is derived from the Greek word "chalx" which means lime. Colour is white or none, though shades of grey, red, yellow, green, blue, violet, brown, or even black can occur when the mineral is charged with impurities. When yellow calcite occurs in combination with brown aragonite and other minerals, it is called septarian. Calcite is the primary ore of calcium and is indispensable in the construction industry, forming the base of cement. Many important chemicals are created from calcite. It is also crucial in the manufacture of fertilizers, metals, glass, rubber, and paint. The transparent Iceland Spar variety, in which the double refraction is very apparent, was used as prisms for polarizing microscopes and other optical devices. Calcite forms rocks that are used for ornamental purposes, such as various kinds of marble. |
Calcite is considered a powerful amplifier and cleanser of various types of energies. It was used for thousands of years as lime in folk medicine. Calcite been used as a poultice for skin disease, warts, ulcers and wounds. It is said to assist in the transformation of ideas into action.
Calcite in jewellery:
Due to the low hardness of calcite it is not sought as gem quality mineral as it is prone to scratch but still it is used as cabochon, faceted cuts and carvings in gem industry. The iridescent effect seen at cleavage cracks of calcite is also popularly known as rainbow effect in trade. Calcite is classified as collector's stones . Its hardness is similar to that of gems like amber, coral and chrysocolla. However, calcite is not only soft but, like most carbonates, will dissolve with many forms of acid.
Calcite in jewellery:
Due to the low hardness of calcite it is not sought as gem quality mineral as it is prone to scratch but still it is used as cabochon, faceted cuts and carvings in gem industry. The iridescent effect seen at cleavage cracks of calcite is also popularly known as rainbow effect in trade. Calcite is classified as collector's stones . Its hardness is similar to that of gems like amber, coral and chrysocolla. However, calcite is not only soft but, like most carbonates, will dissolve with many forms of acid.
Carnelian
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Moh's Scale of hardness:
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Carnelian is a beautiful gemstone that is a variety of chalcedony, which is a mineral in the quartz family. It is found in shades of orange to reddish-brown and is commonly used in jewelry making due to its warm, earthy tones.
Carnelian has been highly valued throughout history and has been used in many cultures for its supposed healing properties. It is said to promote courage, creativity, and self-confidence. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to help protect the deceased on their journey to the afterlife.
Carnelian is commonly found in Brazil, India, and Uruguay, and can be cut into a variety of shapes and sizes for use in jewelry. It is often used in beads, pendants, and rings, and can be paired with other gemstones or metals for a unique look.
Carnelian is also known for its durability, making it a great choice for everyday wear. It has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it can resist scratches and damage better than other softer gemstones. With proper care, carnelian can last for many years and continue to be a beautiful addition to any jewelry collection.
Carnelian has been highly valued throughout history and has been used in many cultures for its supposed healing properties. It is said to promote courage, creativity, and self-confidence. In ancient Egypt, it was believed to help protect the deceased on their journey to the afterlife.
Carnelian is commonly found in Brazil, India, and Uruguay, and can be cut into a variety of shapes and sizes for use in jewelry. It is often used in beads, pendants, and rings, and can be paired with other gemstones or metals for a unique look.
Carnelian is also known for its durability, making it a great choice for everyday wear. It has a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, which means it can resist scratches and damage better than other softer gemstones. With proper care, carnelian can last for many years and continue to be a beautiful addition to any jewelry collection.
Cassiterite
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Cassiterite is a mineral and gemstone that is commonly known as tin ore. It is a tin oxide mineral with the chemical formula SnO2 and is typically brown, black, or red-brown in color. Cassiterite has a Mohs hardness of 6 to 7, making it a durable gemstone that is suitable for use in jewelry.
Cassiterite is commonly found in granite and granite pegmatites, as well as in hydrothermal veins and greisens. It is typically found in association with other minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, and tourmaline. Cassiterite has been used for thousands of years as a source of tin, which has many industrial and technological applications. However, it is also valued as a gemstone due to its lustrous metallic appearance and rich color. Cassiterite is often cut into faceted gems, cabochons, and beads, and is popular in men's jewelry due to its dark, masculine appearance. It is also used in statement pieces and as an accent stone in both modern and vintage jewelry designs. Cassiterite is said to have many metaphysical properties, including the ability to enhance intuition, promote courage and confidence, and provide protection from negative energies. It is also believed to aid in the manifestation of goals and desires, making it a popular gemstone among those who practice manifestation and intention-setting. |
Chalcedony
Chalcedony is a type of microcrystalline quartz mineral that is often found in a variety of colors, including white, gray, blue, purple, pink, red, and brown. It has a waxy or dull luster and is often translucent to opaque. Chalcedony has been used as a gemstone for thousands of years and is prized for its beauty and durability.
One of the most popular types of chalcedony is blue chalcedony, which is known for its soft, soothing blue color. It is often used in jewelry and is believed to have calming and balancing properties. Another popular type of chalcedony is agate, which is known for its banded appearance and is often used to create cameos and intaglios.
Chalcedony is found all over the world, with significant deposits in Brazil, Uruguay, India, Madagascar, and the United States. It is often found in volcanic rock formations and is sometimes associated with geodes, which are hollow rocks filled with crystals.
Chalcedony is a relatively hard mineral, with a rating of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It is resistant to scratching and chipping, making it a popular choice for use in jewelry. It is also relatively easy to care for and can be cleaned using mild soap and water.
In addition to its use as a gemstone, chalcedony has a number of industrial applications. It is used as an abrasive, in the manufacture of cement and ceramics, and as a filler in plastics and rubber products. It is also used in the production of optical equipment and electronics.
One of the most popular types of chalcedony is blue chalcedony, which is known for its soft, soothing blue color. It is often used in jewelry and is believed to have calming and balancing properties. Another popular type of chalcedony is agate, which is known for its banded appearance and is often used to create cameos and intaglios.
Chalcedony is found all over the world, with significant deposits in Brazil, Uruguay, India, Madagascar, and the United States. It is often found in volcanic rock formations and is sometimes associated with geodes, which are hollow rocks filled with crystals.
Chalcedony is a relatively hard mineral, with a rating of 6.5 to 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness. It is resistant to scratching and chipping, making it a popular choice for use in jewelry. It is also relatively easy to care for and can be cleaned using mild soap and water.
In addition to its use as a gemstone, chalcedony has a number of industrial applications. It is used as an abrasive, in the manufacture of cement and ceramics, and as a filler in plastics and rubber products. It is also used in the production of optical equipment and electronics.
Charoite
Charoite is a rare silicate mineral that is known for its unique violet to purple color and swirling, fibrous appearance. It was first discovered in the Murun Mountains of Siberia, Russia in 1948 and is named after the nearby Chara River.
Charoite is composed of a complex mixture of minerals, including potassium, calcium, sodium, barium, strontium, oxygen, and silicon. It has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable, and a vitreous to silky luster.
The most distinctive feature of charoite is its color, which ranges from pale lavender to deep purple, often with swirling patterns and inclusions of other minerals such as white feldspar, black aegirine, and green diopside. It is also known for its chatoyancy or cat's eye effect, which occurs when the light reflects off the fibrous structure of the mineral.
Charoite is considered a spiritual stone and is believed to have powerful healing properties. It is said to enhance intuition, promote self-awareness, and help with spiritual growth and transformation. It is also thought to alleviate anxiety and promote relaxation.
Due to its rarity and unique appearance, charoite is highly prized by gemstone collectors and jewelry designers. It is typically cut into cabochons or beads, and used in pendants, earrings, and bracelets. However, due to its relative softness, it is not recommended for use in rings or other jewelry that may be subjected to daily wear and tear.
Charoite is composed of a complex mixture of minerals, including potassium, calcium, sodium, barium, strontium, oxygen, and silicon. It has a hardness of 5-6 on the Mohs scale, making it relatively durable, and a vitreous to silky luster.
The most distinctive feature of charoite is its color, which ranges from pale lavender to deep purple, often with swirling patterns and inclusions of other minerals such as white feldspar, black aegirine, and green diopside. It is also known for its chatoyancy or cat's eye effect, which occurs when the light reflects off the fibrous structure of the mineral.
Charoite is considered a spiritual stone and is believed to have powerful healing properties. It is said to enhance intuition, promote self-awareness, and help with spiritual growth and transformation. It is also thought to alleviate anxiety and promote relaxation.
Due to its rarity and unique appearance, charoite is highly prized by gemstone collectors and jewelry designers. It is typically cut into cabochons or beads, and used in pendants, earrings, and bracelets. However, due to its relative softness, it is not recommended for use in rings or other jewelry that may be subjected to daily wear and tear.
Chondrodite
Chondrodite is a rare gemstone that belongs to the mineral group called nesosilicates. It was first discovered in Sweden in 1828 and has since been found in various locations around the world, including Russia, Canada, and the United States. Chondrodite is typically yellow, orange, or brown in color, and is often translucent or transparent.
Chondrodite gets its name from the Greek words "chondros" meaning "grain" and "dite" meaning "double", which refers to its crystal structure. It has a unique tetrahedral crystal structure, which gives it a distinctive appearance and makes it a prized gemstone among collectors.
Chondrodite is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. It is not commonly used in jewelry due to its rarity and fragility, but it is highly valued by collectors for its unique beauty and crystal structure.
In addition to its use as a gemstone, chondrodite has also been used in various scientific applications due to its unique crystal structure. It has been studied extensively for its electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, and has been used in the development of various electronic devices.
Chondrodite gets its name from the Greek words "chondros" meaning "grain" and "dite" meaning "double", which refers to its crystal structure. It has a unique tetrahedral crystal structure, which gives it a distinctive appearance and makes it a prized gemstone among collectors.
Chondrodite is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness of 6 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale. It is not commonly used in jewelry due to its rarity and fragility, but it is highly valued by collectors for its unique beauty and crystal structure.
In addition to its use as a gemstone, chondrodite has also been used in various scientific applications due to its unique crystal structure. It has been studied extensively for its electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, and has been used in the development of various electronic devices.
Chrysoberyl
Chrysoberyl is a mineral species that is valued as a gemstone due to its remarkable color and clarity. It belongs to the oxide mineral group and is composed of beryllium, aluminum, and oxygen. Chrysoberyl comes in a range of colors, including yellow, green, brown, and even colorless.
One of the most distinctive features of chrysoberyl is its high level of hardness, which makes it very resistant to scratches and abrasion. This makes it a popular choice for jewelry, especially for rings and other items that are subject to daily wear.
The most well-known and valuable variety of chrysoberyl is Alexandrite, which has the unique property of changing color depending on the light source. In daylight or fluorescent light, Alexandrite appears green or blue-green, while under incandescent light, it takes on a reddish-purple hue. This color-changing property is known as pleochroism and is highly prized by gem collectors.
Another variety of chrysoberyl is Cat's Eye, which is so named because of the distinctive "eye" that appears to move across the surface of the stone when it is turned. This effect is due to the presence of tiny inclusions within the crystal structure of the stone, which reflect light in a particular way.
Chrysoberyl is found in various locations around the world, including Brazil, Sri Lanka, Russia, Tanzania, and the United States. While Alexandrite and Cat's Eye are the most well-known varieties, chrysoberyl also comes in other forms, such as yellow-green or brownish-green stones that are sometimes used in jewelry.
One of the most distinctive features of chrysoberyl is its high level of hardness, which makes it very resistant to scratches and abrasion. This makes it a popular choice for jewelry, especially for rings and other items that are subject to daily wear.
The most well-known and valuable variety of chrysoberyl is Alexandrite, which has the unique property of changing color depending on the light source. In daylight or fluorescent light, Alexandrite appears green or blue-green, while under incandescent light, it takes on a reddish-purple hue. This color-changing property is known as pleochroism and is highly prized by gem collectors.
Another variety of chrysoberyl is Cat's Eye, which is so named because of the distinctive "eye" that appears to move across the surface of the stone when it is turned. This effect is due to the presence of tiny inclusions within the crystal structure of the stone, which reflect light in a particular way.
Chrysoberyl is found in various locations around the world, including Brazil, Sri Lanka, Russia, Tanzania, and the United States. While Alexandrite and Cat's Eye are the most well-known varieties, chrysoberyl also comes in other forms, such as yellow-green or brownish-green stones that are sometimes used in jewelry.
Chrysocolla
Chrysocolla is a mineral that is often used as a gemstone. It is a hydrated copper silicate mineral that has a bright blue-green color, often with brown or black veining. The name "chrysocolla" comes from the Greek words "chrysos" and "kolla", which mean "gold" and "glue" respectively, due to its historical use as a soldering agent for gold.
Chrysocolla is found in many parts of the world, including the United States, Chile, Peru, and the Congo. It is often associated with copper deposits and is sometimes found in conjunction with other minerals, such as malachite, azurite, and cuprite.
Chrysocolla has been used for thousands of years for its ornamental and medicinal properties. In ancient Egypt, it was used to make jewelry, and it was also used as a pigment in painting. In the Middle Ages, it was believed to have healing powers and was used to treat various ailments.
Today, chrysocolla is still used for jewelry and decorative purposes, and it is also used in alternative medicine. It is believed to have a calming effect on the body and mind, and is often used to relieve stress and anxiety. Additionally, it is said to help with communication and self-expression, and to enhance creativity and intuition.
Chrysocolla is found in many parts of the world, including the United States, Chile, Peru, and the Congo. It is often associated with copper deposits and is sometimes found in conjunction with other minerals, such as malachite, azurite, and cuprite.
Chrysocolla has been used for thousands of years for its ornamental and medicinal properties. In ancient Egypt, it was used to make jewelry, and it was also used as a pigment in painting. In the Middle Ages, it was believed to have healing powers and was used to treat various ailments.
Today, chrysocolla is still used for jewelry and decorative purposes, and it is also used in alternative medicine. It is believed to have a calming effect on the body and mind, and is often used to relieve stress and anxiety. Additionally, it is said to help with communication and self-expression, and to enhance creativity and intuition.
Chrysoprase
Chrysoprase is a green variety of chalcedony, a mineral in the quartz group. It is valued as a gemstone for its attractive color and translucency, and has been used for ornamental purposes for centuries. The name "chrysoprase" is derived from the Greek words for "golden leek," a reference to its green color.
Chrysoprase is typically a bright apple green to apple yellow-green color, although it can also occur in darker shades of green. The color comes from the presence of nickel in the mineral. It is often found in nodules or masses, and can be translucent or opaque.
Chrysoprase has been used in jewelry and ornamental objects since ancient times, particularly in ancient Greece and Rome. It was also used by the ancient Egyptians and the indigenous peoples of Australia, where it is found in large deposits.
In addition to its use in jewelry, chrysoprase has also been used for its purported healing properties. It is said to promote calm and tranquility, aid in spiritual growth, and bring good luck and prosperity. It is also believed to help with physical ailments such as digestive issues, skin problems, and heart problems.
Chrysoprase is a relatively durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in jewelry such as rings, pendants, and earrings. It is typically cut into cabochons or beads, and is also popular in carved and engraved pieces. It is found in various locations around the world, including Australia, Germany, Poland, Russia, and the United States.
Chrysoprase is typically a bright apple green to apple yellow-green color, although it can also occur in darker shades of green. The color comes from the presence of nickel in the mineral. It is often found in nodules or masses, and can be translucent or opaque.
Chrysoprase has been used in jewelry and ornamental objects since ancient times, particularly in ancient Greece and Rome. It was also used by the ancient Egyptians and the indigenous peoples of Australia, where it is found in large deposits.
In addition to its use in jewelry, chrysoprase has also been used for its purported healing properties. It is said to promote calm and tranquility, aid in spiritual growth, and bring good luck and prosperity. It is also believed to help with physical ailments such as digestive issues, skin problems, and heart problems.
Chrysoprase is a relatively durable gemstone with a hardness of 6.5-7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in jewelry such as rings, pendants, and earrings. It is typically cut into cabochons or beads, and is also popular in carved and engraved pieces. It is found in various locations around the world, including Australia, Germany, Poland, Russia, and the United States.
Citrine
Citrine is a yellow to brownish-orange variety of quartz. It gets its name from the French word "citron," which means lemon, due to its citrus-like color. Citrine is a highly prized gemstone due to its beautiful color and affordability.
Natural citrine is relatively rare, and most citrine on the market is actually heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. This treatment enhances the color of the stone, giving it a more vibrant yellow to orange hue. However, some citrine is found in its natural state, and these stones are highly sought after by collectors.
Citrine is often associated with abundance, prosperity, and success. It is believed to promote positive energy and attract wealth and success to its wearer. It is also said to have healing properties, helping to stimulate digestion, reduce inflammation, and promote healthy skin.
Citrine is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in jewelry. It is often used in rings, earrings, necklaces, and bracelets, and can be cut into a variety of shapes, including emerald, oval, round, and cushion. It is also the birthstone for November, making it a popular choice for birthday gifts.
Natural citrine is relatively rare, and most citrine on the market is actually heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. This treatment enhances the color of the stone, giving it a more vibrant yellow to orange hue. However, some citrine is found in its natural state, and these stones are highly sought after by collectors.
Citrine is often associated with abundance, prosperity, and success. It is believed to promote positive energy and attract wealth and success to its wearer. It is also said to have healing properties, helping to stimulate digestion, reduce inflammation, and promote healthy skin.
Citrine is a durable gemstone with a hardness of 7 on the Mohs scale, making it suitable for use in jewelry. It is often used in rings, earrings, necklaces, and bracelets, and can be cut into a variety of shapes, including emerald, oval, round, and cushion. It is also the birthstone for November, making it a popular choice for birthday gifts.
Clinohumite
Clinohumite is a rare gemstone that belongs to the humite group of minerals. It was first discovered in 1876 in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan and was named after the mineralogist and geologist, Philip Henry Clinch. Clinohumite is a magnesium silicate mineral with a unique yellow, orange, or red color that comes from the presence of iron and chromium. Its crystals are typically small and occur in a prismatic shape.
Clinohumite is highly valued for its rarity and unique coloration. It has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for use in jewelry. However, due to its rarity, it is not commonly seen in commercial jewelry.
In addition to its aesthetic value, clinohumite has been found to have some interesting physical properties. It has a high birefringence, meaning that it can split light into two different rays as it passes through the crystal. It is also piezoelectric, meaning that it can produce an electric charge when pressure is applied.
Overall, clinohumite is a fascinating and highly sought-after gemstone that is sure to catch the eye of any gemstone enthusiast. Its rarity, unique coloration, and interesting physical properties make it a valuable addition to any gemstone collection.
Clinohumite is highly valued for its rarity and unique coloration. It has a hardness of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone suitable for use in jewelry. However, due to its rarity, it is not commonly seen in commercial jewelry.
In addition to its aesthetic value, clinohumite has been found to have some interesting physical properties. It has a high birefringence, meaning that it can split light into two different rays as it passes through the crystal. It is also piezoelectric, meaning that it can produce an electric charge when pressure is applied.
Overall, clinohumite is a fascinating and highly sought-after gemstone that is sure to catch the eye of any gemstone enthusiast. Its rarity, unique coloration, and interesting physical properties make it a valuable addition to any gemstone collection.
Coral
Coral is a beautiful and unique gemstone that is formed by the skeletal remains of marine animals called coral polyps. These polyps live in colonies in the ocean and build their structures using calcium carbonate, which over time hardens and forms the beautiful coral reefs that we see today. Corals are found in a variety of colors, including red, pink, orange, white, and black, and are often used in jewelry and decorative art.
In ancient times, coral was believed to have healing properties and was used to treat a variety of ailments, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and headaches. Today, it is still believed to have some healing properties, and is often used in meditation practices to help soothe the mind and promote relaxation.
When used in jewelry, coral is often carved into unique shapes and designs, such as beads, cabochons, and pendants. It is also a popular choice for inlay work and can be combined with other gemstones and precious metals to create stunning pieces of jewelry.
Coral is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness rating of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. It is also quite porous, which means that it can be easily damaged by chemicals and scratches. As a result, it is important to take care when wearing and cleaning coral jewelry, and to avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Coral is found in many parts of the world, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. The most prized and valuable coral is known as angel skin coral, which has a delicate pink color and is found in the waters of Japan and Taiwan.
In ancient times, coral was believed to have healing properties and was used to treat a variety of ailments, including digestive issues, skin conditions, and headaches. Today, it is still believed to have some healing properties, and is often used in meditation practices to help soothe the mind and promote relaxation.
When used in jewelry, coral is often carved into unique shapes and designs, such as beads, cabochons, and pendants. It is also a popular choice for inlay work and can be combined with other gemstones and precious metals to create stunning pieces of jewelry.
Coral is a relatively soft gemstone, with a hardness rating of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. It is also quite porous, which means that it can be easily damaged by chemicals and scratches. As a result, it is important to take care when wearing and cleaning coral jewelry, and to avoid exposing it to harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.
Coral is found in many parts of the world, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, the Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. The most prized and valuable coral is known as angel skin coral, which has a delicate pink color and is found in the waters of Japan and Taiwan.
Cordierite or Lolite
Cordierite, also known as iolite, is a blue to violet-blue mineral that belongs to the cyclosilicate family. It was first discovered in 1813 in Norway and was named after the French geologist Louis Cordier. The gemstone is also commonly known as "water sapphire" because of its strong blue color and pleochroism.
Cordierite has a hardness of 7-7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone that is suitable for everyday wear. Its color ranges from blue to violet-blue, and it exhibits strong pleochroism, meaning that it appears different colors when viewed from different angles. This characteristic makes it a popular choice for jewelry, especially when cut into cabochons.
Cordierite is commonly found in metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and schist, as well as in granites and pegmatites. It can be found in locations all around the world, including Brazil, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Madagascar.
In addition to its use in jewelry, cordierite is also used as a gemstone for spiritual and metaphysical purposes. It is believed to have calming and soothing properties, and is said to enhance intuition and spiritual growth. It is also said to be a stone of self-expression and creativity.
Cordierite has a hardness of 7-7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it a durable gemstone that is suitable for everyday wear. Its color ranges from blue to violet-blue, and it exhibits strong pleochroism, meaning that it appears different colors when viewed from different angles. This characteristic makes it a popular choice for jewelry, especially when cut into cabochons.
Cordierite is commonly found in metamorphic rocks such as gneiss and schist, as well as in granites and pegmatites. It can be found in locations all around the world, including Brazil, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Madagascar.
In addition to its use in jewelry, cordierite is also used as a gemstone for spiritual and metaphysical purposes. It is believed to have calming and soothing properties, and is said to enhance intuition and spiritual growth. It is also said to be a stone of self-expression and creativity.
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Danburite
Danburite is a relatively rare gemstone that belongs to the silicate mineral family. It was first discovered in the city of Danbury, Connecticut, USA, in the early 19th century, which is how it derived its name. Danburite is often colorless, but it can also be found in pale shades of pink, yellow, brown, and gray.
One of the distinctive features of danburite is its crystal structure, which is known as orthorhombic. The gemstone is quite hard, with a rating of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for use in jewelry.
Danburite is commonly found in Mexico, Russia, Japan, Madagascar, and the United States. It is believed to have a range of metaphysical properties, including the ability to enhance intuition, stimulate intellectual pursuits, and promote deep relaxation.
In terms of jewelry, danburite is often cut into faceted gemstones and used in rings, pendants, and earrings. Its clarity and brilliance make it an excellent choice for jewelry lovers who prefer understated elegance. Danburite is also popular among collectors who appreciate its rarity and unique crystal structure.
One of the distinctive features of danburite is its crystal structure, which is known as orthorhombic. The gemstone is quite hard, with a rating of 7 to 7.5 on the Mohs scale, making it durable enough for use in jewelry.
Danburite is commonly found in Mexico, Russia, Japan, Madagascar, and the United States. It is believed to have a range of metaphysical properties, including the ability to enhance intuition, stimulate intellectual pursuits, and promote deep relaxation.
In terms of jewelry, danburite is often cut into faceted gemstones and used in rings, pendants, and earrings. Its clarity and brilliance make it an excellent choice for jewelry lovers who prefer understated elegance. Danburite is also popular among collectors who appreciate its rarity and unique crystal structure.
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Emerald
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 7.5-8
Birthstone Months with Emerald:
• January Birthstone: Mystical Birthstone
• May Birthstone: Modern Birthstone, Traditional Birthstone
• Taurus (Apr 20-May 20): Birthstone/Planetary Stone
• Gemini (May 21-Jun 20): Lucky Charm
• Cancer (Jun 21-Jul 22): Birthstone/Lucky Charm
Anniversary Gemstone
Emerald is the anniversary gemstone for the 20th, 35th and 55th year of marriage, the perfect emblem of an enduring love.
Emeralds are green members of the popular beryl family of minerals.
The green color occurs when pure, clear beryl contains either chromium or vanadium.
Beryl occurs in many other colours, with shades dependent on the impurities that Mother Nature has mixed into its otherwise clear formula. Blue beryl is known as aquamarine , pink shades of beryl are known as morganite, yellows and golden beryl known as heliodor , red beryl (bixbite) known as "red emerald" or "scarlet emerald".
Red beryl was first described in 1904 for an occurrence, its type locality, at Maynard's Claim (Pismire Knolls), Thomas Range, Juab County, Utah, USA. The old synonym bixbite is deprecated from the CIBJO, because of the risk of confusion with the mineral bixbyite (also named after the mineralogist Maynard Bixby). The dark red color of bixbite is attributed to Mn3+ ions.
Red beryl is very rare and has only been reported from a handful of locations including: Wah Wah Mountains, Beaver County, Utah; Paramount Canyon, Sierra County, New Mexico; Round Mountain, Sierra County, New Mexico; and Juab County, Utah. The greatest concentration of gem-grade red beryl comes from the Violet Claim in the Wah Wah Mountains of mid-western Utah, discovered in 1958 by Lamar Hodges, of Fillmore, Utah, while he was prospecting for uranium. Prices for top quality natural red beryl can be as high as $10,000 or more per carat for faceted stones. Red beryl has been known to be confused with pezzottaite, also known as raspberry beryl or "raspberyl", a gemstone that has been found in Madagascar and now Afghanistan - although cut gems of the two varieties can be distinguished from their difference in refractive index.
Prized since ancient times, a fine emerald can be more expensive than a high quality diamond of the same carat weight. Even though emeralds are relatively hard stones, the presence of cracks and inclusions in emeralds can affect their durability.Colombian emeralds are among the world's most beautiful, with rich grass-green colouring that's often kissed with a touch of blue. Quality emeralds are also found in India, South Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Russia,Zimbabwe and finds in North Carolina. Egyptian emeralds were introduced to the world about 4,000 years ago, but the stones from those mines are a duller green and are not considered high quality by today's standards.
Emeralds are usually treated by polymers or oil in order to hide microfissures and to improve the stone appearance or epoxy resins to fill-in surface cracks or making the cracks less visible. Some coating oils are clear, some are tinted green to make the emeralds more vivid.
Most jewellers tell us to avoid cleaning emeralds with ultra-sonic devices, because that process can remove coatings.
When high-demand gemstones are scarce and costly, humans attempt to create products that look like the real thing. Emeralds are just one gemstone that can be grown in a lab.
The way synthetic emeralds are grown has changed, but they have been produced for many years. Some of the stones even have inclusions that make them look natural. True synthetic gems have the same chemical characteristics as their natural counterparts, but a reputable jeweller will disclose that a gem is lab-grown.
You'll run across fake or composite emeralds. A composite is a smaller piece of a desirable, genuine stone that's been combined with a larger chunk of an inexpensive or imitation gemstone. It's often difficult to detect these stones without magnification.
Always ask if gemstones are created or natural, and if you are buying an expensive gemstone have it checked by a testing lab.
Emerald prices highly depend on gem color and clarity.
The 4C's (cut, carat, color & clarity) originally developed for classifying diamonds, later has been implemented in assessing the value of precious stones including emeralds.
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Ruby
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 9.0
Birthstone Months with Ruby
• July Birthstone: Modern, Traditional, Mystical and Ayurvedic Birthstone
• December Birthstone: Ayurvedic Birthstone
• Capricorn (Dec 22-Jan 19): Birthstone/Lucky Charm
• Cancer (Jun 21-Jul 22): Birthstone
• Scorpio (Oct 23-Nov 21): Planetary Stone
Anniversary Gemstone
• Ruby is the anniversary gemstone for the 15th and 40th year of marriage.
For thousands of years, the ruby has been considered one of the most valuable gemstones on Earth.
Ruby is the red variety of the mineral corundum, one of the hardest minerals on Earth, of which the sapphire is also a variety. Pure corundum is colorless. Slight traces of elements such as chrome, iron, titanium or vanadium are responsible for the color. These gemstones have excellent hardness.
Only red corundum is entitled to be called ruby, all other colours being classified as sapphires.
Spinel another red gemstone, is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble. Red spinel may be mistaken for ruby by those lacking experience with gems. However, the finest red spinels can have a value approaching that of the average ruby.
The most important thing about this precious stone is its color. It was not for no reason that the name 'ruby' was derived from the Latin word 'rubens', meaning 'red'. The red of the ruby is incomparable: warm and fiery. Two magical elements are associated with the symbolism of this color: fire and blood, implying warmth and life for mankind.
The brightest and most valuable "red" called pigeon blood-red, commands a huge premium over other rubies of similar quality. After colour follows clarity: similar to diamonds, a clear stone will command a premium, but a ruby without any inclusions may indicate that the stone has been treated. Cut and carat (weight) also determine the price.
All natural rubies have imperfections in them, including color impurities and inclusions of rutile needles known as "silk". Gemologists use these needle inclusions found in natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics, stimulants, or substitutes. Usually the rough stone is heated before cutting. Almost all rubies today are treated in some form, with heat treatment being the most common practice. However, rubies that are completely untreated but still of excellent quality command a large premium.
The Mogok Valley in Upper Myanmar (Burma) was for centuries the world's main source for rubies.
Rubies have historically been mined in Thailang, the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, and in Afghanistan. Rubies have rarely been found in Sri Lanka, where pink sapphires are more common. After the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Tanzania, Madagaskar,Vietnam,Nepal, Tajikistan, and Pakistan. A few rubies have been found in US States. More recently, large ruby deposit have been found under the receding ice shelf of Greenland. In 2002 rubies were found in the Waseges River area of Kemya.
The Smithsonian's Museum in Washington DC, has received one of the world's largest and finest ruby gemstones. The 23.1 carats (4.6 g) Burmese ruby, set in a platinum ring with diamonds, was donated by businessman and philanthropist Peter Buck in memory of his late wife Carmen Lúcia. This gemstone displays a richly saturated red color combined with an exceptional transparency. The finely proportioned cut provides vivid red reflections. The stone was mined from Burma (now Myanmar) in the 1930 .
The ruby is very popular stone for gold and silver jewellery around the world.
The 4C's (cut, carat, color & clarity) originally developed for classifying diamonds, later has been implemented in assessing the value of precious stones including ruby.
Birthstone Months with Ruby
• July Birthstone: Modern, Traditional, Mystical and Ayurvedic Birthstone
• December Birthstone: Ayurvedic Birthstone
• Capricorn (Dec 22-Jan 19): Birthstone/Lucky Charm
• Cancer (Jun 21-Jul 22): Birthstone
• Scorpio (Oct 23-Nov 21): Planetary Stone
Anniversary Gemstone
• Ruby is the anniversary gemstone for the 15th and 40th year of marriage.
For thousands of years, the ruby has been considered one of the most valuable gemstones on Earth.
Ruby is the red variety of the mineral corundum, one of the hardest minerals on Earth, of which the sapphire is also a variety. Pure corundum is colorless. Slight traces of elements such as chrome, iron, titanium or vanadium are responsible for the color. These gemstones have excellent hardness.
Only red corundum is entitled to be called ruby, all other colours being classified as sapphires.
Spinel another red gemstone, is sometimes found along with rubies in the same gem gravel or marble. Red spinel may be mistaken for ruby by those lacking experience with gems. However, the finest red spinels can have a value approaching that of the average ruby.
The most important thing about this precious stone is its color. It was not for no reason that the name 'ruby' was derived from the Latin word 'rubens', meaning 'red'. The red of the ruby is incomparable: warm and fiery. Two magical elements are associated with the symbolism of this color: fire and blood, implying warmth and life for mankind.
The brightest and most valuable "red" called pigeon blood-red, commands a huge premium over other rubies of similar quality. After colour follows clarity: similar to diamonds, a clear stone will command a premium, but a ruby without any inclusions may indicate that the stone has been treated. Cut and carat (weight) also determine the price.
All natural rubies have imperfections in them, including color impurities and inclusions of rutile needles known as "silk". Gemologists use these needle inclusions found in natural rubies to distinguish them from synthetics, stimulants, or substitutes. Usually the rough stone is heated before cutting. Almost all rubies today are treated in some form, with heat treatment being the most common practice. However, rubies that are completely untreated but still of excellent quality command a large premium.
The Mogok Valley in Upper Myanmar (Burma) was for centuries the world's main source for rubies.
Rubies have historically been mined in Thailang, the Pailin and Samlout District of Cambodia, and in Afghanistan. Rubies have rarely been found in Sri Lanka, where pink sapphires are more common. After the Second World War ruby deposits were found in Tanzania, Madagaskar,Vietnam,Nepal, Tajikistan, and Pakistan. A few rubies have been found in US States. More recently, large ruby deposit have been found under the receding ice shelf of Greenland. In 2002 rubies were found in the Waseges River area of Kemya.
The Smithsonian's Museum in Washington DC, has received one of the world's largest and finest ruby gemstones. The 23.1 carats (4.6 g) Burmese ruby, set in a platinum ring with diamonds, was donated by businessman and philanthropist Peter Buck in memory of his late wife Carmen Lúcia. This gemstone displays a richly saturated red color combined with an exceptional transparency. The finely proportioned cut provides vivid red reflections. The stone was mined from Burma (now Myanmar) in the 1930 .
The ruby is very popular stone for gold and silver jewellery around the world.
The 4C's (cut, carat, color & clarity) originally developed for classifying diamonds, later has been implemented in assessing the value of precious stones including ruby.
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Sapphire
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Moh's Scale of hardness: 9.0
Birthstone Months with Sapphire
• May Birthstone: Mystical Birthstone
• August Birthstone: Ayurvedic Birthstone
• September Birthstone: Modern/Traditional Birthstone
• Pisces (Feb 19-Mar 20): Birthstone
• Taurus (Apr 20-May 20): Birthstone/Lucky Charm
• Virgo (Aug 23-Sep 22): Birthstone
• Libra (Sep 23-Oct 22): Planetary Stone
• Sagittarius: (Nov 22-Dec 21): Birthstone
Anniversary Gemstone for Sapphire
Sapphire is the anniversary gemstone for the 5th and 45th year of marriage.
Sapphire (Greek- sappheiros "blue stone") is a gemstone variety of the mineral corundum, when it is a color other than red or dark pink, in which case the gem would instead be called a ruby.
Color in gemstones breaks down into three components: hue, saturation and tone. Hue is most commonly understood as the color of the gemstone. Saturation refers to the vividness or brightness or "colorfulness" of the hue, and tone is the lightness to darkness of the hue. Blue sapphire exists in various mixtures of its primary (blue) and secondary hues, various tonal levels (shades) and at various levels of saturation (brightness).
The cost of natural sapphires varies depending on their color, clarity, size, cut, and overall quality - as well as their geographic origin, oddly enough. Significant sapphire deposits are found in Eastern Australia, Thailand,Sri Lanka,Madagascar, East Africa, and in North America in a few locations, and in or near the Missouri River in the region around Helena , Montana. Sapphire and rubies are often found together in the same area, but one gem is usually more abundant.
Yellow and green sapphires are also commonly found. Pink sapphires deepen in color as the quantity of chromium increases. The deeper the pink color the higher their monetary value as long as the color is trending towards the red of rubies.
Sapphires also occur in shades of orange and brown, and colorless sapphires are sometimes used as diamond substitutes in jewelry. Padparadscha sapphires often draw higher prices than many of even the finest blue sapphires. Recently, more sapphires of this color have appeared on the market as a result of a new artificial treatment method that is called "lattice diffusion"
Padparadscha is a pink-orange corundum, with a low to medium saturation and light tone, originally being mined in Sri Lanka, but also found in deposits in Vietnam and Africa; Padparadscha sapphires are very rare and highly valued. The name derives from the Sinhalese word for lotus blossom. Padparadscha used to be a subvariety of ruby. The rarest of all padparadschas is the totally natural variety, with no sign of treatment.
Star sapphire is a type of sapphire that exhibits a star-like phenomenon known as asterism. Star sapphires contain intersecting needle-like inclusions (often the mineral rutile, a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide that cause the appearance of a six-rayed "star"-shaped pattern when viewed with a single overhead light source.The value of a star sapphire, however, depends not only on the weight of the stone but also the body color, visibility and intensity of the asterism.
Color change sapphire, rare variety of sapphire, exhibits different colors in different light. Color change sapphires are blue in outdoor light and purple under incandescent indoor light; they may also be pink in daylight to greenish under fluorescent light. Some stones shift color well and others only partially, in that some stones go from blue to bluish purple. While color change sapphires come from a variety of locations, the gem gravels of Tanzania is the main source.
Birthstone Months with Sapphire
• May Birthstone: Mystical Birthstone
• August Birthstone: Ayurvedic Birthstone
• September Birthstone: Modern/Traditional Birthstone
• Pisces (Feb 19-Mar 20): Birthstone
• Taurus (Apr 20-May 20): Birthstone/Lucky Charm
• Virgo (Aug 23-Sep 22): Birthstone
• Libra (Sep 23-Oct 22): Planetary Stone
• Sagittarius: (Nov 22-Dec 21): Birthstone
Anniversary Gemstone for Sapphire
Sapphire is the anniversary gemstone for the 5th and 45th year of marriage.
Sapphire (Greek- sappheiros "blue stone") is a gemstone variety of the mineral corundum, when it is a color other than red or dark pink, in which case the gem would instead be called a ruby.
Color in gemstones breaks down into three components: hue, saturation and tone. Hue is most commonly understood as the color of the gemstone. Saturation refers to the vividness or brightness or "colorfulness" of the hue, and tone is the lightness to darkness of the hue. Blue sapphire exists in various mixtures of its primary (blue) and secondary hues, various tonal levels (shades) and at various levels of saturation (brightness).
The cost of natural sapphires varies depending on their color, clarity, size, cut, and overall quality - as well as their geographic origin, oddly enough. Significant sapphire deposits are found in Eastern Australia, Thailand,Sri Lanka,Madagascar, East Africa, and in North America in a few locations, and in or near the Missouri River in the region around Helena , Montana. Sapphire and rubies are often found together in the same area, but one gem is usually more abundant.
Yellow and green sapphires are also commonly found. Pink sapphires deepen in color as the quantity of chromium increases. The deeper the pink color the higher their monetary value as long as the color is trending towards the red of rubies.
Sapphires also occur in shades of orange and brown, and colorless sapphires are sometimes used as diamond substitutes in jewelry. Padparadscha sapphires often draw higher prices than many of even the finest blue sapphires. Recently, more sapphires of this color have appeared on the market as a result of a new artificial treatment method that is called "lattice diffusion"
Padparadscha is a pink-orange corundum, with a low to medium saturation and light tone, originally being mined in Sri Lanka, but also found in deposits in Vietnam and Africa; Padparadscha sapphires are very rare and highly valued. The name derives from the Sinhalese word for lotus blossom. Padparadscha used to be a subvariety of ruby. The rarest of all padparadschas is the totally natural variety, with no sign of treatment.
Star sapphire is a type of sapphire that exhibits a star-like phenomenon known as asterism. Star sapphires contain intersecting needle-like inclusions (often the mineral rutile, a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide that cause the appearance of a six-rayed "star"-shaped pattern when viewed with a single overhead light source.The value of a star sapphire, however, depends not only on the weight of the stone but also the body color, visibility and intensity of the asterism.
Color change sapphire, rare variety of sapphire, exhibits different colors in different light. Color change sapphires are blue in outdoor light and purple under incandescent indoor light; they may also be pink in daylight to greenish under fluorescent light. Some stones shift color well and others only partially, in that some stones go from blue to bluish purple. While color change sapphires come from a variety of locations, the gem gravels of Tanzania is the main source.
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